引黄灌溉耕作对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

为研究灌溉耕作影响下土壤团聚体及有机碳的特征情况,以宁夏引黄灌区为研究对象,选取对照土壤与耕作土壤,通过干、湿筛结合的方法,得到大团聚体(2mm)、中间团聚体(2~0.25mm)、微团聚体(0.25~0.053mm)和粉+黏团聚体(0.053mm),并测定团聚体有机碳含量,分析团聚体有机碳与总有机碳之间的关系。结果表明,灌溉耕作对团聚体分布具有极显著影响(P0.01),其中大团聚体和中间团聚体质量分数上升,微团聚体和粉+黏团聚体质量分数下降,灌溉土壤团聚体分布趋势为微团聚体粉+黏团聚体中间团聚体大团聚体。经灌溉耕作后土壤团聚体稳定性大于对照土壤,不同类型的灌溉土壤稳定性基本一致,对照土壤间差异明显。除0.053mm外,团聚体有机碳分布在经过灌溉耕作后有显著性差异(P0.05),团聚体有机碳分布随粒级大小基本呈"V"形分布。团聚体有机碳含量均表现出灌溉土壤高于对照土壤,其中灌溉土壤中灌淤土和潮土团聚体有机碳总量较高。未受人为灌溉耕作影响的自然土壤团聚体有机碳与总有机碳间具有显著的正相关性,土壤总有机碳增加主要依赖0.053mm团聚体有机碳增加。引黄灌溉耕作有利于增加大粒级团聚体的比例,提升团聚体稳定,显著增加有机碳含量。     

煤矿区土壤有机碳含量的高光谱预测模型

可见—近红外光谱已被证明是一种快速、及时、有效的土壤有机碳含量预测工具。利用Field Spec4对济宁鲍店矿区的104个土壤样品进行光谱测量,采用Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑(SG)、多元散射校正(MSC)及数学变换等多种方式组合对光谱预处理,并运用偏最小二乘回归分析建立土壤有机碳含量预测模型,进而探讨煤矿区土壤有机碳含量的高精度预测方法。结果表明:(1)不同的光谱预处理方法对建模结果影响差异较大,建模结果以SG加MSC预处理再结合光谱反射率的一阶微分变换最优,建模R~2=0.86,RMSE=2.0g/kg,验证R~2=0.78,RMSE=1.81g/kg,RPD=2.69。(2)倒数和倒数的对数与土壤有机碳含量的相关性曲线接近重合,与反射率曲线成反比,但是建模效果远低于反射率;光谱反射率的一阶微分能明显提高500~600nm波段相关性。(3)光谱反射率随土壤有机碳的含量减少而增大,当有机碳含量较低时,其波谱的近红外波段反射率响应能力也随之降低,反射率直接建模难度加大。     

间伐对油松人工林碳储量的长期影响

间伐不仅能改变人工林林木生长状况,还会影响整个森林碳储量,研究间伐对人工林碳固存的长期影响,有助于准确评价人工林的碳汇功能,为人工林的科学经营管理提供参考。2016年8月,以黄土高原森林区营造于1962年,间伐于1985年的4种(强度间伐、中度间伐、轻度间伐、对照)油松人工林为对象,保留密度分别为800,1 500,2 200,2 900株/hm~2,研究了间伐对油松人工林不同植被层、叶凋落物、粗木质残体和土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明:轻度和中度间伐下油松人工林系统碳储量较对照显著提高了28.54%和21.33%,强度间伐碳储量(154.66t/hm~2)与对照(169.26t/hm~2)无显著差异。乔木层是油松人工林的主要碳库,占人工林总碳储量的64.85%~74.62%。不同处理下乔木层树干碳储量所占比例最高(52.05%~56.43%),树根和树枝次之(22.27%~22.60%和17.73%~18.32%),树叶最低(3.56%~7.01%)。中度和强度间伐下在提高林下灌草多样性的同时,总的灌草碳储量分别比对照高24.27%和25.24%。间伐显著降低了叶凋落物碳储量,其中,强度间伐下的叶凋落物只有对照的48.15%。土壤碳库的变化主要是由土壤表层0—20cm有机碳变动所引起,中度和强度间伐土壤表层碳储量较对照分别减少了17.68%和33.76%,而轻度间伐(51.23t/hm~2)与对照(50.96t/hm~2)无显著差异。土壤表层碳储量与植物多样性和基础呼吸呈显著负相关。轻度和中度间伐有助于森林生态系统碳固定,其中轻度间伐不仅有利于地上植被碳固定,而且还有助于土壤碳库的维持。     

坡向与植物群落对水蚀风蚀交错带土壤有机碳氮的影响

以黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟流域内的1个支沟为对象,通过植被调查和采样分析,研究了坡向和植物群落类型对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和有机碳氮密度(SOCD、TND)的影响。结果表明:(1)坡向对0—20cm土壤SOC和TN含量及0—60cm C/N均有显著影响。SOC、TN含量及C/N分别表现为:半阴坡半阳坡沟头半阴坡半阳坡=沟头及半阳坡半阴坡≥沟头的趋势;(2)植物群落对0—10cm SOC和TN含量及0—20cm C/N均有显著影响。半阴坡分布的3种豆科群落达乌里胡枝子、紫花苜蓿及白花草木樨间土壤碳氮差异不显著,但均显著高于禾本科的长芒草群落;半阳坡分布的达乌里胡枝子和紫花苜蓿群落SOC和TN含量相当,均显著高于茵陈蒿群落(菊科)和长芒草群落;沟头的达乌里胡枝子群落SOC、TN显著高于长芒草。豆科草本植物更有利于促进土壤碳氮的积累;(3)坡向主要影响表层0—20cm SOCD和TND,其对60cm剖面SOCD和TND贡献率分别为45%～55%和47%～53%。不同植物群落下土壤表层及整个剖面SOCD和TND均有显著差异。研究支沟内SOCD平均为2.13kg/m2,远低于黄土高原其他地区。上述结果对于水蚀风蚀交错带土壤碳氮储量的精确评估及植被合理建造有一定指导价值。     

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance of Hu sheep during pregnancy

This study aimed to determine the effect of stage and level of feed intake on energy metabolism,carbon-nitrogen(C-N)balance,and methane emission to determine energy and protein requirements for maintenance of maternal body including pregnancy tissues during pregnancy using the method of C-N balance.Twenty-one ewes carrying twin fetuses were randomly divided into three groups of seven ewes each in the digestion and respirometry trial at d 40,100,and 130 of gestation,respectively.Three groups were fed a mixed diet either for ad libitum intake,70 or 50%of the ad libitum intake during pregnancy.The results showed that the apparent digestibility of C and N were increased as feeding levels decreased at each stage of gestation.The daily net energy requirements for maintenance(NE_m)were 295.80,310.09,and 323.59 k J kg~(–1)BW~(0.75)(metabolic body weight)with a partial efficiency of metabolisable energy utilization for maintenance of 0.664,0.644,and 0.620 at d 40,100,and 130 of gestation,respectively.The daily net protein requirements for maintenance were 1.99,2.35,and 2.99 g kg~(–1 )BW~(0.75) at d 40,100,and 130 of gestation,respectively.These results for the nutritional requirements of the net energy and protein may help to formulate more balanced diets for Hu sheep during pregnancy.     

Germination and appressorium formation of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara can be inhibited by reduced concentration of Blasin®Flowable with carbon dioxide microbubbles

We investigated the possibility to reduce the usage of Blasin^®Flowable (BF), a disinfectant inhibiting the germination and appressorium formation of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara conidia, by using carbon dioxide microbubbles (CO₂MB). Germination was significantly inhibited by 10 000-fold diluted BF solution containing CO₂MB generated by the decompression-type generator compared to CO₂ millibubbles (CO₂MMB) and CO₂MB generated by the gas-water circulating-type generator. Appressorium formation in the 10 000-fold diluted BF solution containing both CO₂MBs was less than that in CO₂MMB. Scanning electron microscopy showed wrinkles and dents on the surface of conidia treated with 5 000-fold diluted BF solution containing both CO₂MBs. Via transmission electron microscopy, we observed the expansion of the vacuole and the intracellular space and bloated or absent lipid granules in the conidia treated with BF solution containing both CO₂MBs. Our results show that inhibition of the conidium germination and appressorium formation of P. oryzae Cavara by 10 000-fold diluted BF solution could be achieved by using the decompression-type CO₂MB.     

Impacts of silicon on biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands

Crop harvesting and residue removal from croplands often result in imbalanced biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands, putting forward an austere challenge to sustainable agricultural production. As a beneficial element, silicon (Si) has multiple eco-physiological functions, which could help crops to acclimatize their unfavorable habitats. Although many studies have reported that the application of Si can alleviate multiple abiotic and biotic stresses and increase biomass accumulation, the effects of Si on carbon immobilization and nutrients uptake into plants in croplands have not yet been explored. This review focused on Si-associated regulation of plant carbon accumulation, lignin biosynthesis, and nutrients uptake, which are important for biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands. The tradeoff analysis indicates that the supply of bioavailable Si can enhance plant net photosynthetic rate and biomass carbon production (especially root biomass input to soil organic carbon pool), but reduce shoot lignin biosynthesis. Besides, the application of Si could improve uptake of most nutrients under deficient conditions, but restricts excess uptake when they are supplied in surplus amounts. Nevertheless, Si application to crops may enhance the uptake of nitrogen and iron when they are supplied in deficient to luxurious amounts, while potassium uptake enhanced by Si application is often involved in alleviating salt stress and inhibiting excess sodium uptake in plants. More importantly, the amount of Si accumulated in plant positively correlates with nutrients release during the decay of crop biomass, but negatively correlates with straw decomposability due to the reduced lignin synthesis. The Si-mediated plant growth and litter decomposition collectively suggest that Si cycling in croplands plays important roles in biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients. Hence, scientific Si management in croplands will be helpful for maintaining sustainable development of agriculture.     

模拟氮沉降对季风常绿阔叶林凋落物碳氮组分的影响

【目的】探究季风常绿阔叶林凋落物对氮沉降增加的响应规律。【方法】设置4个氮添加水平:对照、低氮、中氮和高氮,其年添加氮量分别为0、35、70和105 kg·hm~(–2),分干、湿季收集凋落物样品,并进行碳、氮组分含量分析。【结果】随氮添加量的上升,凋落物总有机碳(TOC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量显著增加,且WSOC/TOC质量比具有上升趋势。氮添加未显著改变酸不溶组分碳(AIFC)含量以及AIFC/TOC质量比,但与对照比较均具有下降趋势。不同的氮添加处理均未显著改变凋落物总氮(TN)、水溶性氮(WSN)和酸不溶组分氮(AIFN)含量,以及WSN和AIFN占TN的比例。短期氮添加对凋落物C/N质量比和AIFC/AIFN质量比无显著影响,但显著增加干季的WSOC/WSN质量比。【结论】氮沉降促进了季风常绿阔叶林凋落物中可溶性有机碳的积累,这可能有利于可溶性有机物转入土壤中,从而影响生态系统中的养分循环。     

碳离子束辐照水稻诱变效应及突变体的筛选

【目的】丰富水稻Oryza sativa L.突变体库,快速创造稳定遗传的新种质,为重离子辐照诱变机理研究和水稻遗传育种提供丰富的基础材料。【方法】利用碳离子束辐照水稻品种‘IR-55’、‘IR-60’、‘三粒寸’和‘云南陆稻’原种进行诱变,并对诱变后代的多个农艺性状进行多代跟踪调查。【结果】4个水稻品种突变株系株高、剑叶长、穗长和粒长宽比等性状呈现出较大变异幅度,且具有明显的正向或负向性,结实率表现出明显的下降趋势,最低为2%。利用随机选取的SSR分子标记引物对突变体进行遗传多样性检测发现,突变株系与原种的遗传多样性表现出明显的差异,表明重离子辐照诱变引起DNA序列较大片段的改变,而不是微小的点突变。【结论】碳离子束辐照对水稻株高、剑叶长和粒型等多个农艺性状产生正向或负向的诱变效应,在诱变后代中可以筛选出一批农艺性状变异的水稻新种质。     

短期封育对博乐绢蒿荒漠群落特征和碳密度的影响

【目的】研究封育对荒漠草地群落特征和物种多样性影响,分析生态系统碳库对草地封育的响应规律,为退化荒漠草地的修复和科学管理提供科学依据。【方法】以新疆博乐绢蒿荒漠为研究对象,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对封育4 a的荒漠草地群落数量特征、物种多样性和生态系统碳库(生物量碳库,凋落物碳库和土壤碳库)测定分析。【结果】(1)与自由放牧区(FG)相比,封育4 a后博乐绢蒿荒漠草地的植被高度、盖度、密度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数降低了6.2%~48.4%(P>0.05)。(2)封育不利于生物量的积累,茎、枯落物和地下(0~100 cm根系)生物量封育后显著下降了18.6%~31.1%(P<0.05),但根冠比没有显著变化。(3)封育降低了博乐绢蒿荒漠草地地上生物量碳密度、表层土壤有机碳含量,且土壤上层(0~50 cm)有机碳密度降低幅度为53.5~233.6 g/m²。【结论】短期封育不利于博乐绢蒿荒漠草地生物多样性的维持和生态系统碳库的积累,在封育措施的基础上配合施肥、补播等其他恢复措施。